Freelancer
A freelancer, freelance worker, or freelance is somebody who is self-employed and is not committed to a particular employer long term.
Fields where freelancing is common include journalism, book publishing, journal publishing, and other forms of writing, editing, copy editing, proofreading, indexing, copywriting, computer programming, web design and graphic design, consulting, tour guiding and translating.
Freelance practice varies greatly. Some require clients to sign written contracts, while others may perform work based on verbal agreements, perhaps enforceable through the very nature of the work. Some freelancers may provide written estimates of work and request deposits from clients.
Payment for freelance work also varies greatly. Freelancers may charge by the day, hour, or page or on a per-project basis. Instead of a flat rate or fee, some freelancers have adopted a value-based pricing method based on the perceived value of the results to the client. By custom, payment arrangements may be upfront, percentage upfront, or upon completion. For more complex projects, a contract may set a payment schedule based on milestones or outcomes.
In most professions involving creation of intellectual property, "freelance" and its derivative terms are often reserved for workers who create works on their own initiative, then look for someone to publish them. They typically keep the copyright to their works and sell the rights to publishers in time-limited contracts. In contrast, workers who are hired to create a work according to the publishers' or other customers' specifications are referred to as "independent contractors" and similar terms. They have no copyright to the works, which are written as works made for hire, a category of intellectual property defined in US copyright law — Section 101, Copyright Act of 1976 (USC 17 §101).
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Etymology
The term was first used by Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) in Ivanhoe to describe a "medieval mercenary warrior" or "free-lance" (indicating that the lance is not sworn to any lord's services, not that the lance is available free of charge).citation needed It changed to a figurative noun around the 1860s and was recognized as a verb in 1903 by authorities in etymology such as the Oxford English Dictionary. Only in modern times has the term morphed from a noun (a freelance) into an adjective (a freelance journalist), a verb (a journalist who freelances) and an adverb (she worked freelance), as well as into the noun "freelancer."
Current marketplace
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, approximately 10.3 million workers in the US (7.4% of the US workforce) are independent contractors.1 In the past three years, companies have increased their outsourcing by 22% on the internet.citation needed
Benefits
Freelancers generally enjoy a greater variety of assignments than in regular employment, and—subject to the need to earn a regular income—usually have more freedom to choose their work schedule.citation needed The experience can also lead to a broad portfolio of work and the establishment of a network of clients.
Sometimes a freelancer will work with one or more other freelancers and/or vendors to form a "virtual agency" to serve a particular client's needs for short-term and permanent project work. This versatile agency model can help a freelancer land jobs that require targeted, specific experience and skills outside the scope of one individual. As the clients change, so too may the players chosen for a virtual agency's talent base. This is a common way for freelancers to get work if the non-competing freelancer in the relationship reciprocates the relevant type of work back assuming that both are in the same industry.citation needed
Freelancers and clients may form a relationship based on mutual needs and the professionalism and competence of both parties.
Impact of the Internet
The Internet has opened up many freelance opportunities, expanded available markets, and has contributed to service sector growth in many economies2. Offshore outsourcing and crowdsourcing are heavily reliant on the Internet to provide economical access to remote workers, and frequently leverage technology to manage workflow to and from the employer. Much of the computer freelance work is being outsourced to poorer countries outside the United States and Europe. This has spurred conflict because American and European workers are not receiving the benefits. The compromise has led to student freelancers who now provide a steady source of cheap labor while keeping jobs American and European.
As a result, freelance employment has been common in the areas of writing, editing, indexing, software development, website design, advertising, open innovations, information technology, and business process outsourcing.
Changes to the publishing industry since the 1980s have resulted in an increase in copy editing of book and journal manuscripts and proofreading of typeset manuscripts being outsourced to freelance copy editors and proofreaders.
Drawbacks
The major drawback is the uncertainty of work and thus income, and lack of company benefits such as a pension, health insurance, paid holidays and bonuses. Many freelancers, especially in journalism, regard themselves as having greater income security through the diversity of outlets—the loss of any one of which leads to the loss of only a portion of income, rather than its totality as with salaried employees.
It is important to note that being a freelancer is not suitable to all people. Being a freelancer requires discipline and self-motivation along with other easier to acquire skills. If the freelancer works at home they are prone to additional stresses, that if not managed properly, could prevent them from earning an income at their profession.citation needed
Author and poet Ernest William Hornung (1866–1921) used the term in "The Gift of the Emperor" describes his woeful state as a freelancer in those days, "I warmed to my woes. It was no easy matter to keep your end up as a raw freelance of letters; for my part, I was afraid I wrote neither well enough nor ill enough for success."
Legal aspects
Many periodicals and newspapers offer the option of ghost signing, when a freelance writer signs with an editor but their name is not listed on the byline of their article(s). This allows the writer to receive benefits while still being classified as a freelancer, and independent of any set organization. In some countries this can lead to taxation issues (e.g., so-called IR35 violations in the UK). Ghost signing has little bearing on whether a writer is a freelancer or employee in the US.
Freelancers often must handle contracts, legal issues, accounting, marketing, and other business functions by themselves. If they do choose to pay for professional services, they can sometimes turn into significant out-of-pocket expenses. Working hours can extend beyond the standard working day and working week.
In Europe, the perceived disadvantages of being freelance have led the European Union to research the area, producing draft papers that would, if enforced, make it illegal for companies or organizations to employ freelancers directly, unless the freelancer was entitled to benefits such as pension contributions and holiday pay. In the UK, where the terms of integration into the EU have and are being hotly debated, this would lead to a significant reshaping of the way freelance work is dealt with and have a major impact on industry; employers would be required either to give freelances the contractual rights of employees or employ only freelancers already being employed by agencies or other organizations granting them these rights. However, the White Papers that recommend such moves have not yet been adopted in the EU, and the potential impact on UK employment laws is being opposed by key UK organizations lobbying the government to negotiate over the acceptance of EU legislation in such areas.citation needed
In the U.S. in 2009, federal and state agencies began increasing their oversight of freelancers and other workers employers classify as independent contractors. The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) 3 recommended that the Secretary of Labor have its Wage and Hour Division "focus on misclassification of employees as independent contractors during targeted investigations." The increased regulation is meant to ensure workers are treated fairly and that companies are not misclassifying workers as independent contractors to avoid paying appropriate employment taxes and contributions to workers’ compensation and unemployment compensation.
At the same time, this increased enforcement is affecting companies whose business models are based on using non-employee workers, as well as independent professionals who have chosen to work as independent contractors. For example, book publishing companies have traditionally outsourced certain tasks like indexing and proofreading to individuals working as independent contractors. Self-employed accountants and attorneys have traditionally hired out their services to accounting and law firms needing assistance. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service4 offers some guidance on what constitutes self-employment, but states have enacted stricter laws to address how independent contractors should be defined. For example, a Massachusetts law5 states that companies can hire independent contractors only to perform work that is “outside the usual course of business of the employer,” meaning workers working on the company's core business must be classified as employees. According to this statute6 , a software engineering firm cannot outsource work to a software engineering consultant, without hiring the consultant as an employee. The firm could, however, hire an independent contractor working as an electrician, interior decorator, or painter. This raises questions about the common practice of consulting, because a company would typically hire a management consulting firm or self-employed consultant to address business-specific needs that are not “outside the usual course of business of the employer.”
International freelancing
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This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) |
International freelancing is a relatively new development in the global market. Some freelance professionals move from one country to another looking for business opportunities along with travelling experience. These individuals often use the Internet as their main communication technology for running a business. Online outsourcing marketplaces focus on assisting freelancers to find work around the world. International freelance support may differ in developed countries, as opposed to developing countries, which have almost no freelance support at all.citation needed
See also
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Look up freelancer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Independent contractor
- Self-employment
- Mercenary
- Freelance marketplace
- Freelancers Union
- Misclassification of employees as independent contractors
- Recruitment advertising
References
- ^ "Independent contractors in 2005". 2005-07-29. http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2005/jul/wk4/art05.htm.
- ^ "CIA - The World Factbook - India". CIA. 2007-09-20. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html#Econ. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ "Employee Misclassification: Improved Coordination, Outreach, and Targeting Could Better Ensure Detection and Prevention". [U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO)]. 2009-08-10. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-717. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ "Independent Contractor (Self-Employed) or Employee?". [U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS)]. 2009-06-15. http://www.irs.gov/businesses/small/article/0,,id=99921,00.html. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ "Massachusetts Independent Contractor/Misclassification Law". [The Attorney General of Massachusetts]. 2008. http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=cagoterminal&L=2&L0=Home&L1=Workplace+Rights&sid=Cago&b=terminalcontent&f=workplace_independent_contractor_advisory&csid=Cago. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ "Massachusetts General Laws. Chapter 149: Section 148B. Persons performing service not authorized under this chapter deemed employees; exception". [The Commonwealth of Massachusetts]. 2008. http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/149-148b.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
Telecommute
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. |
Telecommuting, e-commuting, e-work, telework, working from home (WFH), or working at home (WAH) is a work arrangement in which employees enjoy flexibility in working location and hours. In other words, the daily commute to a central place of work is replaced by telecommunication links. Many work from home, while others, occasionally also referred to as nomad workers or web commuters utilize mobile telecommunications technology to work typically from coffee shops or myriad other locations. Telework is a broader term, referring to substituting telecommunications for any form of work-related travel, thereby eliminating the distance restrictions of telecommuting.1 All telecommuters are teleworkers but not all teleworkers are telecommuters. A frequently repeated motto is that "work is something you do, not something you travel to".2 A successful telecommuting program requires a management style which is based on results and not on close scrutiny of individual employees. This is referred to as management by objectives as opposed to management by observation. The terms telecommuting and telework were coined by Jack Nilles in 1973.3
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How Many People Telecommute?
Estimates suggest that over 50 million U.S. workers (about 40% of the working population) could work from home at least part of the time 4 yet, in 2008, only 2.5 million employees (not including the self-employed) considered home their primary place of business.5
Occasional telecommuters--those who work remotely (though not necessarily at home) totaled 17.2 million in 20086
Very few companies employ large numbers of home-based full-time staff. The call center industry is one notable exception to this; several U.S.-based call centers employ thousands of home-based workers. For most employees, the option to work from home is granted as an employee benefit; most do so only part of the time.7
In 2009 the Office of Personnel Management reported that approximately 102,000 Federal employees telework.8
In the next three years, public- and private-sector IT decision makers expect telework to increase by 65 percent and 33 percent, respectively.9
Technology
The roots of telecommuting lay in early 1970s technology, linking satellite offices to downtown mainframes by dumb terminals using telephone lines as a network bridge. The massive ongoing decrease in cost and increase in performance and usability of personal computers forged the way to decentralize even further, moving the office to the home. By the early 1980s, these branch offices and home workers were able to connect to the company mainframe using personal computers and terminal emulation.
Long distance telework is facilitated by such tools as groupware, virtual private networks, conference calling, videoconferencing, and Voice over IP (VOIP). It can be efficient and useful for companies as it allows staff and workers to communicate over a large distance, saving significant amounts of travel time and cost. As broadband Internet connections become more commonplace, more and more workers have enough bandwidth at home to use these tools to link their home office to their corporate intranet and internal phone networks.
The adoption of local area networks promoted sharing of resources, and client–server computing allowed for even greater decentralization. Today, telecommuters can carry laptop PCs around which they can use both at the office and at home (and almost anywhere else). The rise of cloud computing technology and Wi-Fi availability has enabled access to remote servers via a combination of portable hardware and software.10
Potential Benefits
Telecommuting offers benefits to communities, employers, and employees.
For communities, telecommuting can offer fuller employment (by increasing the employ-ability of proximal or circumstantially marginalized groups, such as Work at home parents and caregivers, the disabled, retirees, and people living in remote areas), reduces traffic congestion and traffic accidents, relieves the strain on transportation infrastructures, reduces greenhouse gases, saves fuel, reduces energy use, improves disaster preparedness, and reduces terrorism targets.
For companies, telecommuting expands the talent pool, reduces the spread of illness, reduces costs, increases productivity, reduces their carbon footprint and energy usage, offers an inexpensive method of complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), reduces turnover and absenteeism, improves employee morale, offers a continuity of operations strategy, improves their ability to handle business across multiple timezones, and hastens their cultural adaptability. Full-time telework can save companies approximately $20,000 per employee. 11
For individuals, telecommuting, or more specifically, work from home arrangements, improves work-life balance, reduces their carbon footprint and fuel usage, frees up the equivalent of 15 to 25 workdays a year—time they would have otherwise spent commuting, and saves between $4,000 and $21,000 per year in travel and work-related costs (not including daycare).12 When gas prices average $3.00 per gallon, the average full-time employee who commutes 5 days per week spends $138.80 per month on gasoline. If 53% of white-collar employees could telework 2 days a week, they could collectively save 9.7 billion gallons of gas and $38.2 billion a year.13
Half-time telecommuting by those with compatible jobs (40%) and a desire to do so (79%) would save companies, communities, and employees over $650 billion a year—the result of increased productivity, reduced office expense, lower absenteeism and turnover, reduced travel, less road repairs, less gas consumption, and other savings.14
Environmental Benefits
Telecommuting gained more ground in the United States in 1996 after "the Clean Air Act amendments were adopted with the expectation of reducing carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone levels by 25 percent."15 The act required companies with over 100 employees to encourage car pools, public transportation, shortened workweeks, and telecommuting. In 2004, an appropriations bill was enacted by Congress to encourage telecommuting for certain Federal agencies. The bill threatened to withhold money from agencies that failed to provide telecommuting options to all eligible employees.
If the 40% of the U.S. population that holds telework-compatible jobs and wants to work from home did so half of the time,
- The nation would save 280 million barrels of oil (37% of Gulf oil imports)
- The environment would be saved the equivalent of taking 9 million cars permanently off the road.
- The energy potential from the gas savings would total more than twice what the U.S. currently produces from all renewable energy source combined. 16
Employee Satisfaction
Telework flexibility is a desirable perquisite for employees. A 2008 Robert Half International Financial Hiring Index, a survey of 1,400 CFOs by recruitment firm Robert Half International, indicated that 13% consider telework the best recruiting incentive today for accounting professionals.17 In earlier surveys, 33% considered telework the best recruiting incentive, and half considered it second best.18
Current Trends
U.S. Federal Government
If all Federal employees who are eligible to telework full time were to do so, Feds could realize $13.9 billion savings in commuting costs annually and eliminate 21.5 billion pounds of pollutants out of the environment each year.19
Recent events have pushed telework to the forefront as a critical measurement for the U.S. federal government. Telework relates to continuity of operations (COOP) and national pandemic preparedness planning, reducing dependence on foreign oil and the burden of rising gas prices, the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC), and a focus on recruitment and retention.
During a keynote address at the September 12, 2007 Telework Exchange Town Hall Meeting, Lurita Doan, at that time the Administrator for the General Services Administration, announced an aggressive commitment goal to increase agency telework participation. Her challenge will enable 50 percent of eligible agency employees to telework one or more days per week by 2010. Currently 10 percent of eligible GSA employees telework, compared to 4.2 percent for the overall Federal workforce. Her goal is to increase participation to 20 percent by the end of 2008, 40 percent by the end of 2009, and finally 50 percent by 2010.20
A 2007 study 2122 of National Science Foundation employees indicated that approximately one-third participated in telework regularly, characterized staff satisfaction with the program, and noted savings in employee time and greenhouse-gas emissions as a result of telework.
Rep. Sarbanes (D-MD) introduced the Telework Improvements Act of 2009 in March 2009. Co-sponsors of the bill included Reps. Connolly (D-VA), Wolf (R-VA), and Capito (R-WV). The bill requires each executive agency to establish a policy under which employees may be authorized to telework to the maximum extent possible without diminishing employee performance or agency operations. At the same time in the U.S. Senate, Sen. Akaka (D-HI) introduced the companion bill, along with Sens. Landrieu (D-LA) and Voinovich (R-OH).23
On May 24, 2010 the Senate passed the Telework Enhancement Act (S. 707) sponsored by Sens. Daniel Akaka (D-Hawaii) and George Voinovich (R-Ohio). The bill grants Federal employees elegibility to telework and requires Federal agencies to establish telework policies and identify telework managers.24
On July 14, 2010 the House passed the Telework Improvements Act of 2010 (H.R. 1722) with a vote of 290-131.25
Telework Centers
Telework centers are offices that are generally set up close to a majority of people who might otherwise drive or take public transit. They usually feature the full complement of office equipment and a high-speed Internet connection for maximum productivity. Some feature support staff such as receptionists. For example, a number of telework centers have been set up around Washington, D.C. in Maryland (6), Virginia (8), and D.C. and West Virginia (one each). 26
Telework centers allow people to reduce their commute yet still work in a traditional office setting. Some Telework Centers are set up by individual companies while others are established by independent organizations for use by many organizations. Telework centers are attractive to people who do not have the space or inclination to work from home. They offer employers the ability to maintain a more formal structure for their workforce.
These work arrangements are likely to become more popular with current trends towards greater customization of services and virtual organizing. Distributed work offers great potential for firms to reduce costs, enhance competitive advantage and agility, access a greater variety of scarce talents, and improve employee flexibility, effectiveness and productivity.27282930 It has gained in popularity in the West, particularly in Europe. While increasing in importance, distributed work has not yet gained widespread acceptance in Asia.31
Remote Office Centers
Remote Office Centers, are distributed centers for leasing offices to individuals from multiple companies. A Remote Office Center provide professional grade network access, phone system, security system, mail stop and optional services for additional costs. ROCs are generally located in areas near where people live throughout population centers, so that workers do not have to commute more than a couple of miles. The telecommuter works in a real office but accesses the company network across the internet using a VPN just as in traditional telecommuting.
This type of arrangement does not share fully in the benefits of home-based telecommuting, but can address the needs of employees who are unable or unwilling to work from home.
Related Terms / Concepts
Office Hoteling
Some companies, particularly those where employees spend a great deal of time on the road and at remote locations, offer a hotdesking or office hoteling arrangement where employees can reserve the use of a traditional office, at the company headquarters, a Remote Office Center, or other shared office facility.
Coworking
Coworking is a social gathering of a group of people, who are still working independently, but who share a common working area as well as the synergy that can happen from working with talented people in the same space. Coworking facilities can range from shared space in formal offices to social areas such as a coffee shop.
Distributed Work
Distributed work entails the conduct of organizational tasks in places that extend beyond the confines of traditional offices. It can refer to organizational arrangements that permit or require workers to perform work more effectively at any appropriate location, such as their homes and customers' sites - through the application of information and communication technology. An example is financial planners who meet clients during lunchtime with access to various financial planning tools and offerings on their mobile computers, or publishing executives who recommend and place orders for the latest book offerings to libraries and university professors, among others. If this type of distributed work replaces the workers commute, it would be considered telecommuting. If it did not, it would be considered telework.
Jellies
Some telecommuters and teleworkers form local groups that gather at coffee shops and other locations to socialize, collaborate, or just reduce the isolation of working on their own.32
Potential Drawbacks / Concerns
- Employers largest concerns about telecommuting are: fear of loss of control; 75% of managers say they trust their employees, but a third say they'd like to be able to see them, just to be sure. 33
- Barriers to continued growth of telecommuting include distrust from employers and personal disconnectedness for employees.34
- Telecommuting has come to be viewed by some as more a "complement rather than a substitute for work in the workplace".35
- Security must be addressed for teleworkers and non-teleworkers as well. In 2006, a United States Department of Veterans Affairs employee's stolen laptop represented what was described as "potentially the largest loss of Social Security numbers to date."36. While he was not a telecommuter, this incident brought attention to the risks inherent in working off-site. Ninety percent of executives charged with security in large organizations feel that telework is not a security concern. They are more concerned with the occasional work that's taken out of the office by non-teleworkers because they lack the training, tools, and technologies that teleworkers receive. 37
- Managers may view the teleworker as experiencing a drop in productivity during the first few months. This drop occurs as "the employee, his peers, and the manager adjust to the new work regimen".38 The drop could also be accountable to inadequate office setup. Managers need to be patient and let the teleworker adapt. It can be claimed that as much as "70 minutes of each day in a regular office are wasted by interruptions, yakking around the photocopier, and other distractions".39 Eventually, productivity of the teleworker will climb. Over two-thirds of employers report increased productivity among telecommuters. CompTIA survey of 212 diverse employers (October 2008). 40
- Traditional line managers are accustomed to managing by observation and not necessarily by results. This causes a serious obstacle in organizations attempting to adopt telecommuting. Liability and workers' compensation can become serious issues as well. Companies considering telecommuting should be sure to check on local legal issues, union issues, and zoning laws. Telecommuting should incorporate training and development that includes evaluation, simulation programs, team meetings, written materials, and forums. Information sharing should be considered synchronous in a virtual office and building processes to handle conflicts should be developed. Operational and administrative support should be redesigned to support the virtual office environment. Facilities need to be coordinated properly in order to support the virtual office and technical support should be coordinated properly. The conclusion for managers working within telecommuting organizations is that new approaches to "evaluating, educating, organizing, and informing workers"41 should be adopted.
- Teleworking can negatively affect a person's career. A recent survey of 1,300 executives from 71 countries indicated that respondents believe that people who telework were less likely to get promoted. Companies rarely promote people into leadership roles who haven't been consistently seen and measured. 42
Telecommuting and Work At Home Scams
Work-at-home and telecommuting scams are common. Some of these job offers are scams appealing to a "get rich quick" audience but in fact require an investment up front with no pay off at the end.43 The problem is so pervasive that in 2006 the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) established Project False Hopes, a federal and state law enforcement sweep that targets bogus business opportunity and work at home scams. The crackdown involved more than 100 law enforcement actions by the FTC, the Department of Justice, the United States Postal Inspection Service, and law enforcement agencies in 11 states. In four of the new FTC cases alone, consumers lost more than $30 million. “Bogus business opportunities trample on Americans’ dreams of financial independence,” said FTC Chairman Deborah Platt Majoras. "If a business opportunity promises no risk, little effort, and big profits, it almost certainly is a scam. These scams offer only a money pit, where no matter how much time and money is invested, consumers never achieve the riches and financial freedom promised.”44
The FBI warned of such scams on February of 2009, as well.45
Of the 3 million+ web entries that surface from a search on the terms "work at home," over 95% of the results are scams, links to scams, or other dead ends. Work at home scams earn over $500 million a year. Home business scams account for another $250 million/year. Even the sites that claim to be scam-free, often feature ads that link to scams.46
According to Christine Durst, there is a 48-to-1 scam ratio among work at home job leads on the internet. This statistic has been used in coverage by Good Morning America, CNN, Business Week, and The Wall Street Journal. 47
See also
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Wikiversity has learning materials about Telecommuting |
- Canadian Telework Association (CTA)
- Comparison of office suites The online versions of office suites mentioned there are useful for telecommuters.
- Corporate wiki
- Coworking
- Flextime
- Hot desking
- Hotelling
- Labour market flexibility
- Outsourcing
- Putting-out system
- Small office/home office
- Study (room)
- Telecentre
- Virtual Teams
- Virtual volunteering
- Work at home scheme
- Work-life balance
References
- ^ Nilles, Jack M., Managing Telework: Options for Managing the Virtual Workforce, John Wiley & Sons 1998, ISBN 0-471-29316-4
- ^ Leonhard, Woody, The Underground Guide to Telecommuting, Addison-Wesley 1995, ISBN 0-201-48343-2
- ^ JALA biography of Jack Nilles Last modified: January 5, 2006 Accessed: March 11, 2007
- ^ "Telework Adoption and Energy Use in Building and Transport Sectors in the United States and Japan, J. Infrastruct. Syst. Volume 11, Issue 1, pp. 21-30 (March 2005)". http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JITSE4000011000001000021000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes/.
- ^ "Lister, Kate, Undress For Success--The Naked Truth About Making Money at Home, John Wiley & Sons (2009), ISBN 978-0-470-38332-2". http://undress4success.com/research/people-telecommute/.
- ^ "WorldatWork "Telework Trendlines" 2009". http://www.worldatwork.org.
- ^ Lister, Kate, Undress For Success--The Naked Truth About Making Money at Home, John Wiley & Sons (2009), ISBN 978-0-470-38332-2
- ^ http://www.telework.gov/Reports_and_Studies/Annual_Reports/2009teleworkreport.pdf ""Status of Telework in the Federal Government Report to the Congress" 2009"]. http://www.telework.gov/Reports_and_Studies/Annual_Reports/2009teleworkreport.pdf.
- ^ "“Mobilizing Against a Pandemic” Telework Exchange research study". http://www.teleworkexchange.com/mobilizingagainstpandemic/default.asp//.
- ^ "Managing Remote Workers". http://www.computing.co.uk/crn/comment/2227210/managing-remote-workers.
- ^ "Lister, Kate, Telework Savings Calculator--an interactive web-based model that allows companies and communities estimate the value of increased telecommuting (the model has been cited in the Harvard Business Review, Inc. magazine, Fortune Magazine, and many other publications [http://undress4success.com/brags/work-at-home-undress4success-press/)"]. http://undress4success.com/research/telework-savings-calculator/.
- ^ "Lister, Kate, Telework Savings Calculator". http://undress4success.com/research/telework-savings-calculator/.
- ^ ""How Much is Too Much?" Telework Exchange research study". http://www.teleworkexchange.com/gasaddiction/.
- ^ ""Telework Savings Potential" Kate Lister, Principal Researcher for TeleworkResearchNetwork.com". http://undress4success.com/research/cut-oil/.
- ^ Siano, M. (1998, March-April). "Merging home and office: telecommuting is a high-tech energy saver" [Electronic version]. E.
- ^ "Lister, Kate, Principal Researcher at the Telework Research Network and co-author of Undress For Success--The Naked Truth About Making Money at Home, John Wiley & Sons 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-38332-2". http://undress4success.com/research/telework-savings-calculator/.
- ^ Robert Half International (2008-02-06). ""Survey Finds Salary Is Top Draw for Job Candidates but Benefits Nearly As Popular"". http://www.roberthalffinance.com/portal/site/rhf-us/template.PAGE/menuitem.b55c61eb41144dbf9a64e9c302f3dfa0/?javax.portlet.tpst=7658df44c982f2e6fa64e9c302f3dfa0&javax.portlet.prp_7658df44c982f2e6fa64e9c302f3dfa0_releaseId=2108&javax.portlet.prp_7658df44c982f2e6fa64e9c302f3dfa0_request_type=RenderPressRelease&javax.portlet.begCacheTok=com.vignette.cachetoken&javax.portlet.endCacheTok=com.vignette.cachetoken.
- ^ Tom Abate (2008-04-22). "SF Chronicle "Group touts telecommuting's green benefits"". http://www.sfgate.com/. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/04/22/BUEC1087U5.DTL.
- ^ ""Telework Eligibility Profile: Feds Fit the Bill" Telework Exchange research study". http://www.teleworkexchange.com/eligibility//.
- ^ Lurita Doan (2007-09-12). "Administrator Doan Issues GSA Telework Challenge". U.S. General Services Administration. http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?pageTypeId=8199&channelId=-18821&P=&contentId=23524&contentType=GSA_BASIC. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
- ^ http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=111252&org=olpa&from=news "NSF Press Release 08-038 "Telework" Benefits Employers, Employees and the Environment"]. http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=111252&org=olpa&from=news.
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External links
- Framework agreement on telework, 16.07.2002 - EU agreement among ETUC, UNICE/UEAPME and CEEP
- Telecommuting at the Open Directory Project
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